P.2 ~ Retrofit wireless gauge provides improved data quality in Troll gas well
Modeled vs actual transient response
Before a gauge is installed, feasibility of communication within the well is confirmed and the size of the downhole pulse determined by modeling the well using transient multi-phase simulation software. A model of A-35 was built up from trajectory data, casing/completion characteristics, fluid properties and well conditions during production. A 1-bar pressure drop was proposed on the surface for detection. The aims of the software simulation were to calculate the required downhole pressure drop to realize this scenario, and to determine whether the well was stable when attempting to achieve this pulse size.
A choke valve placed in the planned location of the gauge was simulated to choke to a near-closed position for two minutes. Results showed a baseline pulse size on surface of 2.5 bar (36 psi) achieved with a pressure drop downhole of 7.5 bar (108.8 psi). The simulation was then run multiple times at different choke positions to elucidate which downhole pressure drop would generate 1 bar downhole pressure drop at surface – 5 bar (72.5 psi) was the outcome. In addition, multiple pulses were simulated together to determine the minimal time between pulses for production to stabilize. This exercise led to a 10-minute gap being chosen for the test sweep.
When comparing the model to the actual test sweep results, there was reasonable correlation with the 5-bar downhole pressure drop in the test sweep leading to a surface pressure drop of 1.2 bar (17.4 psi) as well as stable production after the pulse. The 7-bar (101.5-psi) downhole pressure drop pulse created a 1.9-bar (27.6-psi) wellhead pressure drop on the surface and was close to the simulation result of a 2.5-bar (36-psi) surface drop from a 7.5 bar downhole pressure drop. Production stabilized rapidly after each pulse, as indicated in the simulations for 5 bar and 7.5 bar downhole pressure drop pulses. The close match between the modeled and actual data has proven the feasibility of using transient simulation software to confirm the telemetry prior to running the gauge.
Flaw identification
On Feb. 6, 2012, two and a half months after the first telegram, an event led to significant choking of the well, as evidenced in the fifth pulse in the daily telegram. It was clear from the data that the gauge had choked to its pre-programmed maximum position rather than creating a 1.5-bar (21.7-psi) downhole pressure drop. Seven days later the same pattern was observed, this time with the gauge moving to the maximum choke position on the third pulse. On both occasions the tool subsequently operated correctly.
Analysis led to the identification of an error in the firmware. Bench tests confirmed a condition under which power to the pressure sensor was not transmitted quickly enough to provide a valid reading. The firmware upgrade that followed was tested to rectify the problem, but this could not be applied in the downhole tool without retrieving the gauge. An automatic detection and recovery system was therefore implemented, designed to detect the issue by checking for a differential pressure greater than the normal pulse size, leading to an automatic wellhead shut-in followed by a controlled opening of the surface choke.
The wireless gauge relayed its final telegram 428 days after the original installation. The initial battery calculation indicated the tool would function for 347 days, assuming a telegram was sent on a daily basis. As the well temperature was low, self-discharge of the batteries was minimal and the telegram actuation dominated tool life. The wireless gauge transmitted a total of 354 telegrams, with battery depletion considered the most likely cause of transmission ceasing. The gauge remained in the well for a further three months, in the fully open position, before being retrieved on slick-line. A review of its diagnostics data and function testing in a laboratory confirmed that the tool remained fully operational and that the batteries had been discharged in service. No erosion, debris ingress or appreciable wear were observed.
Weekly data interpretation had been performed through remote access of the operator's data management system. The start time for each pulse was manually picked from the tag for the wellhead transducers and entered into an interpretation program, with results relayed to the operator.
For flowing conditions the wireless gauge logs a reading from the quartz sensor prior to sending the data telegram. For shut-in conditions, the device remains dormant but monitors well pressure. Once it recognizes the restoration of flowing conditions with the associated pressure pulses, the device will log and transmit the highest pressure detected in the next telegram. Real-time well data is recorded and stored at high frequency within a web-driven data storage and management system from all well transducers field-wide, downhole and at surface. The data can be readily processed to assess well performance, monitor trends and detect anomalies.
Installation of the wireless gauge in A-35 demonstrated that the technology can be installed relatively easily into an existing production well and can successfully transmit data over a range of downhole operating conditions. Use of existing wellhead sensors to detect the pulse telegram resulted in a low-complexity system with minimal downhole hardware, and no associated topside modification to provide access to the data. Modeling proved to be representative of results obtained during service, and the tool was robust and reliable, delivering data in line with expectations.
There is room for improvement, however, in four main areas. One is installation efficiency. Although intervention operations to install and retrieve the wireless gauge were straightforward, additional runs were required to retrieve the device for re-programming and re-deployment. A lack of information during the planning phase can complicate programming ahead of installation. And although the test sweep provide valuable data in real well conditions, with simplex telemetry the tool must be recovered for reprogramming.
Since the A-35 run was completed, Tendeka has addressed this concern by programming a "pulse selection" feature into the tool that uses the shut-in detection feature to select a pulse from the pulse sweep. That pulse size is now selectable by implementing surface to downhole communication, with the well choked on the surface at a certain point following the test sweep. During this "time window," the system chooses which pulse test sweep to use for daily telegrams – as long as the test sweep contains a usable pressure drop there should be no need for pulling/reprogramming.
Another feature under review is data interpretation and hand-off. The data telegrams were readily detectable in the surface transducers with a 0.3-bar (4.3-psi) pulse, and no data were lost as a result of indistinct pulses or a misinterpretation of a well event. For future installations, Tendeka has developed interpretation software that can access the wellhead transducers, perform the interpretation and hand the results off to the operator's data storage rooms. A log of the interpretation is still recorded for quality control, with a user interface for diagnostic purposes.
The memory capacity in the A-35 wireless gauge was sufficient to record the transmitted data points and tool diagnostic data during pulse generation on a daily basis. Memory capacity in the tool has since been increased to allow full pressure build-up data to be recorded with sufficient capacity for several years.
Finally, the recovered gauge suffered no appreciable wear or degradation after over a year in service, but depletion of the primary power supply prevented the device from functioning for a longer period. The gauge's efficiency has since been improved to effectively double its service life, and further enhancements should be achievable with downhole power generation.
Acknowledgment
Based on a paper presented at a one-day SPE seminar staged in Berge, Norway, on April 2, 2014.
